NCERT DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMICS(X)

CHAPTER 01

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above
Ans  (iv) all the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
Ans (ii) Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs 6000
Ans (iv) Rs 6000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans : Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.The limitation of this criterion are:
→ It doesn't show distribution of income.
→ It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans: World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Ans :We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can't say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country.

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans: No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and cannot be neglected. The World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc.

8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Ans: The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilization of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Ans : The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

10. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Ans : "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone's needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Ans : Few examples of environmental degradation:
→ Deforestation
→ Soil erosion
→ Falling levels of ground water
→ Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution
→ Water Pollution

12. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any four

Public facilities.

Ans. Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development. Economic development

and social development are both dependent on public facilities such as education, health etc.

Without these people cannot achieve their full potential. Some important public facilities are :–

(i) Construction of roads, railways, generating electricity, developing ports etc. These are

     used by people so they have to be developed.

(ii) Providing essential goods at cheap rates or below their cost price so that even poor people

      can afford them. Such activities have to be undertaken by the government.

(iii) Providing adequate health and education facilities to each and every citizen is a primary

      duty of any government. Such services are essential because a healthy and educated citizen

      is an asset for the country.

(iv) Providing safe drinking water, housing and nutritious food to children etc., are other such

       public facilities which are essential.

13. What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three components?

Ans. Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to compare the

country’s development out of 177 countries.

The main components of Human Development Index are :-

(i) Educational levels of the people.

(ii) Health status of the people.

(iii) Per Capita income.

14. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2004
Country	Per Capita Income in US$	Life            Expectancy      at birth	Literacy Rate             for 15+ yrs   population	Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels	HDI Rank in the world
Sri Lanka India Myanmar Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh	4390 3139 1027 2225 1490 1870	74 64 61 63 62 63	91 61 90 50 50 41	69 60 48 35 61 53	93 126 130 134 138 137

Answer

(i) Per Capita Income in US$: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar
(ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Myanmar

(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs. population: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Bangladesh

(iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Pakistan

(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country - Sri Lanka; Bottom country - Nepal

15. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

State	Male (%)	Female (%)
Kerala Karnataka Madhya Pradesh	22 36 43	19 38 42
All Sates	37	46

(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Ans:

(i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because:
→ A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food.
→ In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items.
→ There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY

GEOGRAPHY (X)

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 01

RESOURCE: Anything which can be used for satisfying the human needs, which is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resources.

TYPES OF RESOURCES:

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

a)       On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic

b)      On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable

c)       On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international

d)      On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

Classification of Resources: On the basis of Origin

1. Biotic Resources: All living organisms in our environment are called biotic resources. For example,human beings,livestock,flora and fauna etc.
2. Abiotic Resources: All non-living things present in our environment are termed as abiotic resources. For example – earth, air, water, metals, rocks, etc.

Classification of Resources: On the basis of Exhaustibility:

1. Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished after a short period of time are called Renewable Resources. For example – agricultural crops, water, forest, wildlife, etc.
2. Non-renewable Resources: Resources which takes million years of time to replenish are called non-renewable resources. For example – fossil fuel.

Classification of Resources: On the Basis of ownership:

1. Individual: Resources owned by individuals are called Individual Resources. For example – land owned by farmers, house, etc.
2. Community: Resources owned by community or society are called Community Owned Resources. For example – Graveyard, grazing land, ponds, burial grounds, park, etc.
3. National Resources: Resources owned by Individual Nations are called National Resources. For example – Government land, Roads, canals, railway, etc.
4. International Resources: Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. For example – Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.

Classification of Resources: On the basis of Status of Development:

1. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a particular region, but not yet used properly. For example – Rajasthan and Gujarat receive plenty of solar energy and have plenty of wind energy, but use of these resources so far has not been developed properly.
2. Developed Resources: Resources which are developed and surveyed for utilization and are being used in present time are known as Developed Resources.
3. Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
4. Reserves: Resources which are available and the know how to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

DISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCES

Resources are vital for human beings. But indiscriminate use of resources is creating many problems.

Examples:

• Accumulation of resources in only few hands leaves others unsatisfied.
• Indiscriminate use of resources is creating many problems around the world, such as global warming, ecological crisis, disturbance in ozone layer, etc.
• Thus, equal distribution of resources becomes necessary for sustainable development.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: 

Development which takes place without damaging the environment and compromising with needs of future is called sustainable development.

Keeping the view of justified use of resources and sustainable development, the Earth Summit was organized in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(Brazil) in which more than 100 state heads agreed with Agenda 21 for the sustainable development and proper use of resources.

AGENDA 21 is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease, etc. through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

RESOURCE PLANNING:

Resource planning is the judicious use of resources. Resource planning becomes more important in a country like India, where resources are not distributed properly.

For example; many states are rich in mineral and deficient in other resources, such as Jharkhand is rich in minerals, but there is problem of drinking water and other facilities, Arunachal Pradesh has plenty of water but lack of other development because of lack of resources.

These types of discrimination can be reduced or completely vanished with proper planning of judicious use of resources.

RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA:

Resources can contribute in proper development only with a good planning keeping the technology, skills and institution in mind.

Resource Planning in India is one of the most important goals right from its first Five Years Plan. Following are the main points of Resource planning.

THREE STAGES OF RESOURCE PLANNING

Resource planning is a complex process which involves :

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

Overuse of resources creates many socio-economic problems. Many leaders and thinkers have been advocating for the judicious use and conservation of resources. Gandhiji told “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He thought that exploitative nature of modern technology is the root cause for depletion at global level. He believed in the production by masses and not in the mass production.

Thus, conservation of resources at various levels becomes most important. Resources can be conserved only with their judicious use.

LAND RESOURCES:

Land is one of the most important natural resources. Land supports our life system. Thus, careful planning of use of land resource is necessary. India comprises of many types of land. These are mountains, plateau, plains and islands.

• Mountains: About 30% of land area in India is in the form of mountain. Mountain supports the perennial flow of rivers, which carry fertile soils, facilitate irrigation and provide drinking water.
• Plain: About 43% of land area in India is in the form of plains. Plains provide facilities for agriculture, building of industries and houses, etc.
• Plateau: About 27% of land in India is in the form of plateau which provides many types of minerals, fossil fuels and forest.

LAND UTILIZATION: PATTERNS OF USE OF LAND RESOURCES

1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation: There are two types of land which are not used for agriculture purpose. These are:
1. Barren and waste land
2. Lands used for buildings, roads, factories, etc. i.e for non-agriculture purpose.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
1. Permanent pastures and grazing land,
2. Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
3. Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
1. Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
2. Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area: Area which is sown at least once in a year is called net sown area.
6. Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA:

Pattern of use of land depends upon physical and human factors both. Climate, topography, type of soil, etc. are considered as physical factors while population, technology, skill, population density, tradition, capability, etc. are considered as human factors.

India has total 3.28 million square kilometer land used data. But only 93% of land of total geographical area is available. This is because land used data has not been collected for the north eastern states except Assam and the land occupied by Pakistan and China has not been surveyed because of many unavoidable reasons.

The land under permanent pasture is decreasing, this will create the problem for grazing. The total net sown are (NSA) is not more than 54% including land other than fallow land. Land other than fallow land is either of poor quality or too costly to cultivate, these lands are cultivated only once or twice in two or three consecutive years.

The pattern of net sown area varies widely from state to state. Where net sown area is 80% in state like Punjab, it is only 10% in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Island. Such difference is creating lot of discrimination.

According to National Forest Policy (1952), the forest should be 33% of total geographical area, which is essential to maintain ecological balance. But the forest area in India is far less than desired measures. This is because of illegal deforestation and development which cannot be overlooked, such as construction of roads and building, etc. On the other hand, a large population which is dwelling at the fringe of forest depends upon the forest and its produce, resulting in the reduction of forest area.

Moreover, continuous use of land over a long period without taking measures to conserve and manage, degrade them. This has resulted in repercussion in society and creating serious problem to environment.

LAND AS RESOURCE

Our past generation left land for us without exploiting them too much and it is expected from us too. We fulfill most of our needs from land, such as food, clothing, shelter, drinking water, etc. But in past few decades the quality of land is degrading fiercely because of human activity. Many human activities aggravated the natural forces which are, in turn, degrading the land resources also.

Presently, about 130 million hectare of land is reported under degraded land(waste land) in India, in which about 28% of land belongs to forest and about 56% is water eroded area. Rest degraded land is because of over deposition of salinity and alkalinity. Overgrazing, mining, deforestation, division of lands in small area because of family feuds, etc. are some of the major causes of degradation of land.

Because of mining in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh; lands are left abandoned without proper treatment after the completion of mining works. This has resulted in the form of deep scars and traces. Along with mining, deforestation in these states has degraded the land very fast.

In the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, over irrigation causes water shortage and increase in salinity and alkalinity due to water logging.

In Bihar, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, land is degraded because of flood.

States, in which minerals processing, such as grinding of lime stone, manufacturing of cement, etc. produce huge quantity of dust. These dusts prevent the percolation of water because of deposition on the ground and it is responsible for degradation of land.

The degradation of land creates many problems, such as flood, decrease in yield, etc. which leads to decrease in GDP and country has to face economic problems.

MEASURES TO CONSERVE THE LAND RESOURCES:

Degradation of land can be prevented by taking following measures:

1. Afforestation
2. Proper management of grazing.
3. Stabilization of sand dunes by plantation of thorny bushes.
4. Proper management of waste lands.
5. By proper irrigation.
6. By proper harvesting.
7. Control over mining activities.
8. Proper management of land after completion of mining work.
9. Discharge of industrial waste and effluents only after proper treatment.
10. Plantation of trees along the road sides.
11. By preventing deforestation.

SOIL AS A NATURAL RESOURCE:

Soil is one of the most important natural resources. Soil supports the growth of plants. Soil is the natural home of many living organism, such as ants, rats, snakes, and many insects.

Formation of Soil: It takes thousands of years to form even 1 cm of soil. Soil is formed by the weathering process of the rocks. Various natural forces, such as temperature, running water, wind, etc. along with many physical and chemical changes are equally important in the formation of soil formation.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL:

Soil is categorized in many types on the basis of texture, colour, age, chemical properties, etc. India is a vast country which comprises of many types of land. Thus, many types of soils are found in different regions in India.

ALLUVIAL SOIL- 45.6%

Availability: Alluvial soil is found near the river or plains formed by rivers. Alluvial soil is considered relatively younger in age. In India, alluvial soil is found in the north eastern plain where Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra flow. Alluvial soil is deposited by river system. Entire northern plain is made of alluvial soil.

Alluvial soil is also found in eastern coastal plains near the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri rivers.

Nature: Alluvial soil is very fertile, thus plains of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, etc. are densely populated. Alluvial soil is the mixture of various proportions of silt, sand and clay. Alluvial soils differ in the size of their particles at the area of break of slope.

Apart from the size of particles of grains, soils are also classified on the basis of their age. The older alluvial soil is known as Bangar and new alluvial soil or Khadar. New alluvial soil has more concentration of coarse grains while Old alluvial soil has plenty of fine particles.

Alluvial soil is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Because of presence of these chemicals alluvial soil is good for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat, maize, and pulses.

BLACK SOIL- 16%

Availability: Because of black colour, this type of soil is called black soil. It is also known as Regur Soil. Black soil is found in the north west deccan plateau. It is found in the plateau of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh and extent along with the valley of Krishna and Godavari Rivers.

Nature: Black soil has high concentration of fine particles and thus can hold moisture for long time. It contains calcium, potassium, magnesium and lime. Black soil is suitable for the growth of cotton, but many other crop are grown in the area of black soil.

RED AND YELLOW SOIL- 10.6%

The soil looks red due to presence of iron in crystalline or metamorphic rocks. When the soil look yellow when it occurs in dehydrated form. Red soil is present in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau. Red soil is also found in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, on the southern part of the Gangetic plains and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

LATERITE SOIL- 7.2%

Laterite soil is formed in regions which get high rainfall with high temperature. This causes leaching of the soil and microorganisms are killed during the process. Due to this, laterite soil does not contain humus or contains very low amount of humus. This soil is mainly found in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and in hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. This soil can be made cultivable with heavy dose of manures.

ARID SOIL OR DESERT SOIL- 4%

Arid soil is found in those areas which receive scanty rainfall. Due to high temperature, evaporation is faster in these regions. The soil has a high content of salt. Arid soil can be made cultivable with proper treatment. Arid soil is present in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

FOREST SOIL OR MOUNTAIN SOIL -8% 

The forest soil is found in hilly areas. The soil in upper parts is highly acidic because of denudation. The soil in the lower part is highly fertile.

SOIL EROSION AND SOIL CONSERVATION

Removal of top soil is called soil erosion. Intense farming, grazing, construction activities and other human activities; along with deforestation have led to soil erosion. Soil erosion; if not checked in time; can even lead to desertification.

Causes of Soil Erosion

1 ) Natural ways of Soil erosion: Wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.

2 )Human activities: Deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., contributes in soil erosion.

Measures to control Soil erosion:

→ Strip cropping

→ Planting shelter belts

→ In the hilly areas, using contour ploughing and terrace farming.

Soil conservation is important to prevent soil erosion. Soil conservation can be done by many methods. Afforestation is the main method because trees hold the topsoil in place. Terrace farming and shelter belt planting also help in soil conservation.