MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES SUMMARY

NAV JEEVAN MISSION SCHOOL

GEOGRAPHY(X)

CHAPTER 06

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

MANUFACTURING:

Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw Materials to more valuable products is called Manufacturing.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Ø  Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture; which forms the backbone of our economy. Apart from this, manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income. This becomes possible because of creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

Ø  Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.

Ø  Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

Ø  A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

Agriculture and Industries move hand in Hand. On one hand many industries like Sugar,Textile,etc Depend on Agricultural Products like Cotton is raw meterial in cotton Cotton Textile Mills.On the other hands Many Industrial Products like Fertilisers Irrigation Pumps, PVC Pipes, Tractors, tools help in Increasing Agricultural Productivity.

CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO NATIONAL ECONOMY

The share of Manufacturing Sector in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been stagnant at 17% over the last two decades. This is much lower than some East Asian Economies, Where it is 25-35%. The total contribution of Industry Sector to the GDP is 27% , out of which 10% comes from Mining, Quarrying, Electricity and Gas.

The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the last decade. Since 2003, the growth rate has been 9 to 10% per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%.

The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council 2005 (NMCC) has been set with the objectives of improving productivity through proper policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Some of the factors which affect the industrial location are as follows:

1. Availability of Raw materials
2. Availability of Labour
3. Availability of Capital
4. Availability of Power
5. Availability of Market
6. Infrastructure Facilities.

Sometimes, industries are located in or near cities. Cities provide markets and also provide services like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, etc. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages of an urban centre. Such centre is then called as AGGLOMERATION ECONOMY.

In the pre-independence period, most of the manufacturing units were located in places which were near the ports, e.g. Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. As a result, these belts developed as industrial urban centres surrounded by huge agricultural rural hinterland.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES:

On the basis of Raw Materials:

1. Agro Based Industries: Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, etc.
2. Mineral Based Industries: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals, etc.

 According to their Main Role:

1. Basic or Key Industries: These industries supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
2. Consumer Industries: These industries produce goods which are directly used by consumers, e.g. sugar, paper, electronics, soap, etc.

On the basis of Capital Investment:

1. Small Scale Industry: If the invested capital is upto Rs. One Crore, then the industry is called a small scale industry.
2. Large Scale Industry: If the invested capital is more than Rs. One Crore, then the industry is called a large scale industry.

On the Basis of Ownership:

1. Public Sector: These industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g. SAIL, BHEL, ONGC, etc.
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Reliance, Mahindra, etc.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly owned by the government and individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Limited.
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. The resources are pooled by each stakeholder and profits or losses are shared proportionately. AMUL which is milk cooperative is a good example. The sugar industry in Maharashtra is another example.

Based on the Bulk and Weight of Raw Materials and Finished Goods:

• Heavy Industries: Industry in which large machines and heavy raw materials are used to produce products which are heavy or bulky. Iron and Steel,Automobiles,Construction machineries.
• Light Industries: Industries that produce light utility goods.Eg: Electrical Industries, Electronics and toy industry.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES.

Industries that are based on agricultural raw materials belong to this Category.e.g Cotton,Jute,Silk,Sugar,Woollen,Edible Oil etc.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY ( Cotton and Jute Industry)

The textile industry contributes 14% to industrial production in India. In terms of employment generation, this industry is the second largest after agriculture. 35 million persons are directly employed in the textiles industry in India. The contribution of textiles industry to GDP is 4%. This is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

COTTON TEXTILES: 

The First cotton textile mill was established in MUMBAI in 1854.Cotton textiles were traditionally produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. Power-looms came into use after the 18th century. During the colonial period, the competition of mill-made cloth from England destroyed the Indian textiles industry.

At present in 2010-11, there are 1946 cotton and synthetic textile mills in India. Almost 80% of them are in the private sector. The rest are in the public sector and cooperative sector. Additionally, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms.

Location of Cotton Textile Industry: 

This industry was earlier concentrated in the cotton belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw materials, port facilities, transport, labour, moist climate, etc. were in favour of these locations. The industry provides a source of livelihood to farmers, cotton boll Pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. This industry supports many other industries; like chemical and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

Spinning still continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. However, weaving is highly decentralized and there are many weaving centres in the country.

India exports cotton yarn to Japan. Cotton goods are also exported to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries.

India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, 43.13 Million after China. India accounts for one fourth of the world trade in cotton yarn. However, India’s share in garment trade in the world is only 4%. Our spinning mills are globally competitive and can use all the fibres we produce. But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.

Problems in Cotton Textile industry:

 Erratic power supply and outdated machinery are the major problems. Low output of labour and stiff competition; with the synthetic fibre are the other problems.

NOTE : Yarn is sold at Rs 85 per Kg. If It is sold as a trouser it Fetches Rs 800 per Kg. Value is added at every stage from Fibre to yarn to fabric and to Garment.

JUTE TEXTILES

India is the largest producer of raw jute and Jute goods in the world. It is the second largest exporter of Jute; after Bangladesh. First Jute Mill was set up near KOLKATA in 1855 at RISHRA.

National Jute Policy 2005 - Focus on improving quality and productivity of Indian Jute.as per 2010-11 data there were about 80 Jute mills in India. Most of these are located in West Bengal; mainly along the bank of Hooghly River . The Jute industry is in a narrow belt which is 98 km long and 3 km wide.

  

LOCATION ADVANTAGES OF HOOGHLY BASIN:

Proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water from Hoogly River, Transport facilities (Kolkata), good Rail and Road networks, Abundant water for processing Raw Jute and Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.

The Jute Industry directly supports 3.7 lakh workers. It also supports 40 lakh small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of Jute and Mesta.

Jute industry is facing challenge from synthetic fibre and also from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. But the internal demand has been rising because of government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. The National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with an objective to increase productivity, improve quality and ensure good prices for the jute farmers. Due to growing global concern for environment friendly and biodegradable material; the future of jute looks bright. USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia are the main markets.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

India is the Second largest Producer of Sugar in the World. It is the largest producer of Gur and Khandsari.

In 2010-11 there are over 662 Sugar Mills in the country. They are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty percent mills are in UP and Bihar. This industry is seasonal and hence is more suited to the cooperative sector.

In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states; especially in Maharashtra. The cane produced in this region has higher sucrose content. The cooler climate of this region ensures a longer crushing season.

Challenges for Sugar industry: 

Seasonal nature of industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay and the need to maximize the use of Baggase (The dry pulpy residue left after the Extraction of Juice from the Sugar Cane) are the major challenges for this industry.

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Iron is required for making machineries for all other industries hence it is the basic industry. Due to  this,         production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.

India is 3^rd among the world (in 2016) crude steel producers and produces 95.6 million tons of steel. India is the largest producer of sponge iron. But per capita consumption of steel is only 63 kg per annum against world average of 208 Kg .

At present, there are 10 primary integrated steel plants in India. Additionally, there are many mini steel plants in the country. SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) is the major public sector company in this sector, while TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is the major private sector company in this industry.

Most of the iron and steel industries are in the Chhota Nagpur plateau region. This region has plenty of low cost iron ore, high grade raw materials, cheap labour and good connectivity through railways and roadways.

Reasons for underperformance of Iron and steel Industry in India:

1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal
2. Low productivity of labour
3. Irregular Electricity supply
Poor infrastructure

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Almost all types of vehicles are manufactured in India. After liberalization in 1991, many automobile manufacturers   set up their base in India. With the launch of contemporary models, India became an attractive market for automobiles. At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers. Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bangalore etc are the major centres of automobile industry.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

Bangalore is often termed as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 46 Software Technology Parks in the Country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts.

This industry had generated a large number of employments. Over one million persons were employed in the IT industry, 30% are Women employees. The fast growth of BPO (Business Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Air Pollution:

High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide create air pollution. Suspended particulate matters also create problems. Smoke is emitted from chimneys of various factories. Some industry also pose the risk of leak of hazardous chemicals; the way it happened during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Air pollution has adverse effect on human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water Pollution: 

It is caused when organic and Inorganic untreated Industrial wastes are discharged into rivers. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause water pollution. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, etc. are the main culprits of water pollution. It Threatens plant Aquatic and Human life.

Thermal Pollution of water:

 It occurs when hot water from factories or thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. This plays havoc with the aquatic life. Wastes from Nuclear power plants nuclear and weapons production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.

Radioactive Waste:

Waste from nuclear power plants contains highly radioactive materials and it needs to be properly stored. Any leakage of radioactive material can cause short term and long term damages to humans as well as to other life forms.

Noise Pollution: Noise pollution can result in constant irritation, hypertension and hearing impairment. Factory equipment’s, generators, electric drills, etc. are the major sources of noise pollution.

MEASURES TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:

·         (1) Proper fuel selection and utilization.

·         (2) Rain Water Harvesting to Meet Water Requirements.

·         (3) Use of oil instead of coal in the industries.

·         (4) Treating hot water and industrial wastes before releasing them in Rivers and Ponds.

This can be done in three phases:

(i) Primary treatment by mechanical process.( Includes Screening, Grinding, flocculation &   Sedimentation.)

(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process. Such as Planting Trees, Rain water Harvesting.

(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This Involves Recycling of Waste Water

·         (5) Pollution of land and soil can be controlled by three activities :

(i) Collection of wastes from different places.

(ii) Dumping and disposing the wastes by land-filling.

(iii) Recycling of wastes for further use.                 

• (6) Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in minimizing the use of freshwater.
• (7) Rainwater harvesting should be promoted.
• (8) Hot water and effluents should be treated before being released in rivers and ponds.
• (9) Generators and other machineries should be fitted with silencers to reduce their sound.

NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation Limited)

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.The Corporation has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

This has been possible through-

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose     vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

SUMMARY OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

Department Of Social Science

POLITICAL SCIENCE(X)

CHAPTER 06

           OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

The expected and actual outcomes of Democracy can be assessed by quality of Government, Economic Well-being, Inequality, Social Differences, Freedom and Dignity. After assessing outcomes of Democracy it can be recognized that Democracy is a best form of Government which can create conditions for achieving its goal.

The Citizens can take advantage of those conditions and achieve their goals

Democracy has been considered a better form of Government than other forms of Government, because;

·         It Promotes equality among citizens

·         Improves the quality of Decision Making

·         Allows room to correct Mistakes

·         Enhance the Dignity of an Individual

·         Provide a method to resolve Conflicts.

THREE OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY – POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

POLITICAL OUTCOMES

1) Accountable and Responsive

In a Democracy, accountable and responsive government is the one that is answerable to its citizens. It is responsible for making all decisions on behalf of its citizens and according to their needs and Expectations. Before taking any decision, it is responsibility of the government to follow procedures. If the government has made wrong decisions then it has to accept that and rectify it immediately.

In Contrast Non Democratic government do not bother about complaints of citizens. They are also not worried about public opinions. It takes decisions very fast and which are not acceptable to the citizens.

Therefore the outcome of Democracy is to produce a Government that follows procedure and is accountable to the people. Democratic Government Develops Mechanism for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanism for citizens to take part in Decision Making

2)Transparency in Decision Making

Transparency means Openness, Communication and accountability of the government. It means that government should be operated in such a way that it is easy for citizens to see what actions are performed while Decision Making.

Transparency is considered missing in Non Democratic government. But in Reality Democratic Governments also do not have very good record to share Information of Decision Making with Its Citizens.  

3) Legitimate Government 

In Democracy, a legitimate government is a lawful government where all the laws of the country are equally applicable to all its Citizens and people are governed without fear or favour as well.

A Legitimate government should be attentive to the needs and demands of the people and people should be governed without fear or favour.

A Democratic Government may be slow, less efficient and not always responsive a team but it is Peoples own Government. That’s why it is certainly better and more legitimate form of Government.

ECONOMIC OUTCOMES

Economic growth, Development, Reduction of Poverty and Inequality are the Prominent Economic Outcomes of Democracy.

1.) Economic Growth and Development:

It is expected from a government that it should bring economic growth and Development. But many democracies of the world are unable to fulfil this expectations.

Data for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000 suggests that dictatorships have slightly higher economic growth. In most of the democracies, the economic growth is somewhat slower. But there are many democratic countries which are among the economic superpowers of the world. This shows that economic growth does not depend on the form of government only. Other factors also decide the trend of economic growth; like population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities of the country, etc.

When we look at several other positive outcomes; along with a reasonable economic growth; then democracy is always better than dictatorship.

2) Reduction of Inequality and Poverty:

Democracy is based on Political equality and all Individuals have equal rights to choose their leaders. A small Number of Ultra-rich enjoy a high disproportionate share of wealth and Incomes. Due to this reason their share in total Income of the country is increasing. On the other hand the Income of poor is declining.

Sometimes Poor find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health. Though poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet the democratic governments are not keen to take up the question of Poverty. The situation is much worse in some other countries. Even people of poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries.

Economic inequality has been increasing all over the world. In India, a larger portion of the population is poor and the number of rich people is less. Moreover, there is a large difference in the income of rich and the poor. In most of the countries, democracy has failed in reducing economic inequalities.

SOCIAL OUTCOMES

The Social Outcomes of a Democracy Should be accommodating social diversity and providing Dignity and freedom to the citizens.

1) Accommodation of social diversity:

Every society is full of diversities and conflicts are bound to happen among various sections. It is impossible to fully rule out the possibility of conflicts. Bu democracy normally develops a procedure by which there can be a healthy competition among different sections of the society. People can learn to respect the differences and learn to resolve conflicts in an amicable manner. In most of the democratic countries, social diversity is accommodated peacefully. There can be some examples where social diversity is still a big problem; like in case of Sri Lanka.

2) Dignity and freedom of the citizens:

Democracy has succeeded in ensuring the dignity and freedom of its citizens. Let us take example of India. There are many social groups which had faced a long history of oppression. Due to democratic process, a sizeable portion of these people have been able to move up the social ladder and are in a position to assert themselves

3) Promotes Equality of Women

Because of democracy, women could be able to wage a struggle for staking their claim to equality. In most of the democratic countries, women have succeeded in getting equal status in the society. This is not the case in most of the autocracies.

4)Reduce  Caste Inequalities

Caste based inequalities had been quite predominant in India. But thanks to the democratic process, such cases have reduced to a bare minimum. People from all castes can be seen in every sphere of life

NCERT OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

Department of Social Science

POLITICAL SCIENCE(X)

CHAPTERS 06

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Q.1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?

Ans. (i) Democracy produces an accountable government. The most basic outcome of

Democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens and

Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. A citizen should to able to

Participate in decision-making that affects all. Democracy is based on the idea of

Deliberation and negotiation.

(ii) Democracy produces responsive government. The democratic government should be

Attentive to the needs and demands of the people and be largely free of corruption.

Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a

Majority of its population. At the same time, there is nothing to show that non-democracies

Are less corrupt or more sensitive to the people.

(iii)Democracy produces legitimate government. A democratic government is people’s own

Government. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe

That democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its own

Support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.

Q.2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?

Ans. Democratic governments try to keep peace and harmony among its citizens. This they do by

Maintaining discipline and accommodating various social divisions. For example, this has been

done in Belgium and our own country. Democratic governments resolve differences, respect

Differences, and try to find mechanisms which can negotiate difference like non-democratic countries.

Q.3. Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/3

Institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situation

(a) Following a High Court directive, a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for

Dalit’s and for all non-Dalit’s allowed entry from the same door.

Ans. (a) The challenge was practising untouchability or casteism, that was banned by our

Constitution. The High Court restored the Right to Equality.

Casteism should be eradicated from India with the help of education and by promoting

National festivals.

(b) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.

Ans. (b) Here the challenge is poverty. The government has to provide economic equality by

Promoting agriculture and diversity in agriculture, so that it raises the economic standard

of the farmers.

(c) Following allegation of killing three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu

And Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.

Ans. (c) Here the challenge is the security of citizens; a fundamental right is violated.

These incidents can be avoided by practising transparency in the police department and

Their actions. The government should promote human rights.

Q.4. “Democracy is a better form of government.” Support the statement with three

Arguments.

Ans. People prefer democracy because:

(i) People are their own masters. In a democracy, every individual has a right to vote and

Choose his representatives in the government. The government is of the people and the

Laws are made by the people (or the representatives chosen) in the government. Laws are

Made to protect the liberty and freedom of the people.

(ii) In a democracy, no particular religion, region, race or language is given special preference.

All individuals are given equal rights and freedom, and there is no discrimination.

(iii) The government is not by force. The opposition parties are allowed to criticize the

Government.

(iv) Since every individual is given equal rights, there is less danger of conflicts in society.

There are less conflicts based on caste, religion or region and less social tensions in society. In politics, dignity of the individual is cared for.

Q.5. How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain.

Ans. (i) Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium has peacefully

Solved her ethnic problems and solved the differences.

(ii) All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e. conduct

Elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social

Divisions, turning violent or explosive.

(iii) Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts among different

Groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress

Internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point in democratic regime is the

Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

(iv) A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work

With the minority so that the government represents the general view.

(v) A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic

in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every election,

Different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizen has a

Chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth.

All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.

Q.6. Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:

(i) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.

(ii) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.

(iii) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty alleviation, health, education

       And spend more on industries and infrastructure.

(iv) In democracy, all citizens have one vote, which means there is absence of any domination

       And conflict.

Ans. (i) In a finding, comparison between democracies and dictatorship from 1950’s to the year

2000 showed that economic growth was slightly more in dictatorship. For example,

Industrialized countries like the USA showed a high degree of inequalities between the

Rich and poor, the blacks and white people, etc. However, this growth rate was negligible.

Economic growth rate depends more on other factors than on the kinds of government.

Such factors include:

(a) Population (b) Global situation

(c) Cooperation between countries (d) Economic priorities and policies of a country.

(ii) Expectations from a democracy are always high. One expects economic disparities to be

Less in a democracy, as it believes in an equitable distribution of wealth. But in reality

Democracy has a growing income inequalities.

There is a wide gap between the rich and the poor. If we look at South Africa, the top 20%

People have more than 60% share of income, the bottom 20% people have less than 3%

Share of the income. In Bangladesh, more than half the population lives below the poverty

Line. This proves that even though democracy aims at equality of status and income for

Everyone, in actual life it has not been very successful in reducing economic inequalities.

(iii) Development of a nation depends on industrialization but it is not the only means of

Development. One needs a population which has a high rate of literacy, wide knowledge

And skills. A population with low literacy rate, poor health is a burden for any country. It

is wrong to say that government should spend more on industries. A balance must be

Maintained between investment on food, clothing, health and education, and industries.

The former are a part of human development, without which industrialization will not

Achieve much.

(iv) The principle of one vote does not mean that there is absence of any domination and

Conflict in a democracy. Conflicts can happen if demands of one group are against the

Demands of other social groups. Democracy only avoids conflicts by accommodating and

Negotiating, and avoids any possibility of conflict by giving everyone equal rights and

Freedom in the society. One advantage is that since every citizen has one vote, political

Parties cannot ignore any social group. They have to promote policies that include all

Social groups to win their support during elections.

Q.7. What are the differences between democratic and non-democratic governments in the

Decision making process

Ans. The decision making process of the non-democratic rulers is very quick. They are also efficient

in decision making and even in the implementation of the decisions. This all happens because

Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or about the

Public opinion.

On the other hand, democratic form of government is based on deliberation and negotiation.

This causes the process slow. They followed procedures, their decisions may be more

Acceptable to the people and are more effective.

Q.8.What are the Demerits of Democracy?

Ans. Democracy is better than any other forms of Government.it gives equal rights and freedom to every individual. But it has some Demerits.

1. Unstable Government- Lot of Political Parties are allowed to criticise the government and its Policies. Sometimes it leads to downfall of the ruling party and re-elections in the country.

2. Slow and inefficient government- Most common demerit is that it is slow in its functioning. Decision making process involves long debates and deliberations in the Parliament.

3. In Competence- Democracy gives every individual the right to voice his concern. As a result everybody focuses on his personal interests and not the Collective Interests.

4. Role of Money in Democracy- Money plays a Important role at the time of Elections. Lot of money needed to organize public meetings, Demonstrations and speeches.